Tuesday, July 28, 2009

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The Age of Impressionism. Prior to parte.Dedicato Viviana


Pictures, retrieved from the network news from the book, History of Art.

The Age of Impressionism.
Part




Realism is an artistic trend that developed in France in the political and cultural climate of the 1848 revolution, whose leading members in addition to Gustave Courbet that used for the first time in his exposition du Pavillon realism of 1855, were François Bonvin, Jean François Gigoux, Honoré Daumier and Jean-François Millet.

The term realism can be used as a generic term to describe a particular attitude toward the reality of the artist (the tendency, that is, to represent and express it faithfully), such as detectable in the eras different: it is the realistic attitude of primitive man, with his confidence in the identity between subject and representation, realistic creations of the Hellenistic and Roman world, the criterion of realistic imitation of the reality that underlies the art of the "Renaissance ". But in this too broad generality, the concept is not definable practice. It is therefore appropriate to limit the discussion to the only historically determined meaning and sound: it defines realism art movement that originated in France around the mid-nineteenth century, which had its chief representative in Courbet, his theoretical Champfleury and in his first public event to 'Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1855, and that will shape itself to the European cultural life until about 1870.

The triumph of the bourgeoisie.





Musée d 'Orsay -Parigi


La Libertà che guida il popolo
(1830), Museo del
Louvre


Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix ( Saint - Maurice , 26 aprile 1798 – Parigi, 13 agosto 1863) è stato un artista e pittore francese, considerato fin dall'inizio della sua carriera il principale esponente del movimento romantico del suo paese The evocative brushstrokes of
Delacroix and his study of the optical effects by means of color profoundly influenced the work of impressionists. The romantic Eugène Delacroix has no doubts: All ' Ecole des Beaux - Arts explains "the beautiful as you teach algebra." The lessons are based on the study and emulation of past masters.
From Academy all' Ecole de Barbizon La scena artistica francese alla metà dell 'Ottocento, spesso vissuta unicamente come preludio della rivoluzione
impressionistica , è invece una realtà complessa ed eterogenea, ricca di ottimi artisti, la cui fama è stata cancellata dal rapido, quanto profondo, cambiamento del gusto al volgere del nuovo secolo. L'ascesa della borghesia offre un palcoscenico tanto agli artisti rivoluzionari del Realismo- su tutti Gustave Coubert , uno dei personaggi più discussi del tempo- quanto ai pittori dell' Ecole de Barbizon , la cui ricerca En plein air si rivela fondamentale per la nascita dell' Impressionismo . anche se il cuore della classe media batte ancora per la tradizionale accademia. Comunque lo stato francese detta sempre legge governando le giurie, e sempre lo stato che promuove le grandi opere pubbliche e che decreta la fama degli artisti. Mentre Coubert , con straordinaria modernità mette in scena momenti di realtà di sconcertante verismo- basti pensare al celebre Le bagnanti o all'ancor oggi scandaloso L'origine del mondo (1866, Parigi Musèe d' Orsay )




LE BAGNANTI (1853)
Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)
Pittore francese
Musée Fabre Montpellier


Il primo proprietario del quadro L'Origine del mondo, con ogni probabilità fu il committente stesso della tela, il diplomatico turco-egiziano Khalil - Bey (1831-1879).Personalità eccentrica della Parigi bene degli anni sessanta del XIX secolo, mette together before being ruined by gambling debts, but an ephemeral amazing collection, dedicated to celebration of the female body. As a result, there is little reliable information on the fate and the owners of the painting. Until its entry in the collections of the Museum d 'Orsay in 1995, The Origin of the World, which was then part of the collection of the psychoanalyst Jac ques Lacan, represents the paradox of a famous but little view. (If you want to see you try (the origins of the world, Coubert , I did not felt to post it) but there are Artists who are working in a more realistic edulcherato -sweeter than that of Coubert : as Antignano , Bastien Lepage , Gervex and Bovin -painting offered through their touching Split urban life, timid complaints social acceptable, by virtue of their accents sentimental, even from an audience not accustomed to the grammar particularly naturalistic .




"The Fire" by Antignano


the celeberremo painting of
Bastien Lepage - "The Hay"

Gervex


the "Charity" Francois Bonvin


Thanks to economic opportunities and the growing interest of the middle class, and especially the portraiture, which provides a ground on which to experiment some modern languages: the case of Bonnat of Tissot and Calolus Duran, samples of middle-class portrait.



Inside Masterpiece

Thomas Couture The Romans of the decadence
1847, Paris, Musée
d 'Orsay



The scene was inspired by a passage from the Roman writer Juvenal, according to which the decline of the Roman Empire would not be due both to the consequences of war, as the defects in peacetime. To be itself is therefore the moral decadence of the Roman people at the threshold of the end of empire: the statues in the background represent the glorious past of Rome swept immorality of this. The moral purpose el ' ancient setting and makes it acceptable to justify the presence of both bare and sensual situations considered illegal elsewhere. On the right two men in dresses barbaric observing the scene: the future is already upon us. The power of Rome has now been exhausted. The Germanic peoples
the observation of the decay. The Romans of the decline is a extraordinary example of official art for the subject to stylistic choices. The monumental canvas (472 X 772 cm) is exhibited at the Salon since 1847 and is considered the masterpiece of Couture.
This wonderful cloth, which recounts the decline of Rome, reminded me of the thought of Tacitus.
Cornelius Tacitus was born in about 56 or 57, while the death dates back to about 120.
Tacitus is a conservative in an age of decline of traditional values, and per questo motivo nell'antichità non raggiunge mai la popolarità, ma deve attendere l'Umanesimo per essere riscoperto da numerosi studiosi.
Le cause che tu cerchi non sono difficile da scoprire, né sono ignote a te o a Secondo.... Anche se voi assegnate a me il compito di manifestare ciò che tutti sentiamo. Infatti, chi non sa che l'eloquenza e tutte le altre virtù sono decadute da quella famosa gloria d'un tempo non per mancanza di uomini, ma per la pigrizia dei giovani e la trascuratezza dei genitori e l'ignoranza dei maestri e la dimenticanza del costume antico? mali che, nati prima a Roma, si sono poi diffusi per l'Italia e ormai dilagano nelle province Io parlerò di Roma e dei suoi vizi particolari e familiari, che si impadroniscono of us from the cradle up and grow gradually in the year, but first I will say a few words about the severe discipline of the ancients, regarding the education of children and all'ammaestramento. Continue


Among students of Delaroche is certainly Jan Leon Gerome the best known and most prominent figure of his works are too original for this is not easy to meet the taste of the Salon jury, which the exposure, but rarely admit the awards, receiving instead a hit among the audience His is a very personal style, his production only partially responds to the cliché of the academy and the choice of subjects is rather mixed. The artist-with-young Greeks who attend a cockfight-shows with what would follow in the line will neoclassical radically renewing it.


Equally original is-A-William Bouguereau, while remaining faithful to the lessons of the academy. Bouguereau, successful painter in his career tried, with subjects various kinds, from portraits to theme sacro.Noto also as a decorator, highly respected by CUSTOMER public and private, who appreciate his style but academic staff and vigorous. during the seventies mainly devoted to mythological subjects, as demonstrated by paintings such as Water Lilies assaulted by a satyr and the Birth of Venus. This allows a direct comparison, a similar transaction, another important painter Cabanel Alexsandro



Alexsandro Cabanel
French painter. The winner of the Prix de Rome in 1845, he ranked with Bouguereau as one of the largest and most influential painters of the period and one of the sternest opponents of the Impressionists. The Birth of Venus (Musee d'Orsay, Paris) is his best-known work and typical of the slick and exciting (but supposedly chaste) nudes in which he excelled. It 'was the hit of the official Salon of 1863, the year of the Salon des Refusés, and was bought by Emperor Napoleon III, who gave Cabanel's most prestigious commissions.

IN THE MASTERPIECE


William-Adolphe Bouguereau
poor family-1865-
Muiraminghan
Museum and Art Gallery-

The canvas gives rise to an interesting comparison with similar work by subject signed years earlier by , Daumier (The car of the third class)) to the blunt realism of Daumier, which portrays a family with disarming truth similar in composition and social membership, is contrasted to Bouguereau edulcherato style that abandons all pretensions of social commentary and, more accentuated aspects pitiful, turns the scene in a melodrama for the use and consumption dele upper classes. In this scene
Bouguereau, painter of unquestionable talent, depicts an image aimed at the emotions of the public and designed to touch the deepest chords of the heart of the viewer.
The mansion in the background accentuates by contrast the poverty of the family in the foreground. Bouguereau, an impression from his face pleading, but composed, the sweet girl who relies on the mother for comfort, the serenity of the newborn that still does not know the hardships of life, and the resignation of his eldest son, left at the foot of mother.
The father figure is absent, this absence draws a slice of everyday life well known to wealthy Parisians.






An unfortunate family-1849, Paris Musée d'Orsay
-Octave-Tassaert
also known as suicide)



The third class wagon
Honoré Daumier, 1862
oil on canvas on board, × cm
Ottawa, National Gallery of Canada


socialist realism, distinguishing trait many works of the time in which the social question, dealt with ardor and vehemence from Coubert and Daumier, the melodramatic hues, who can rely on the heartstrings of the bourgeoisie.
Honoré Daumier, he made his art a tool of political struggle, this painting of 1862, denounced the social conditions of the poorer classes (in line with the aims of realism, artistic and cultural movement to which it belongs). The representation of a humble social status and not considered by the State. A painting made in a historical period in which the consequences and influences arising from the revolution of 1848 are still visible. This period, especially 1848, characterized by large and bloody popular subdued promoted by exploited workers living in squalid conditions. The riots forced the king to abdicate Louis Philippe d'Orleans then proclaimed the Second Republic headed by Louis Napoleon


The Stone Breakers, 1849,
lost during bombing in
Dresden during the Second World War.

Gustave Courbet In 1850 he wrote to a friend:
"... In our society, so civilized, I feel the need to live the life of a savage. I must be free even of governments. My sympathies go to the people, and I have to speak directly to them. (Gustave Courbet)

Gustave Courbet, known as the innovator of the Realist movement (and also credited with the invention of the term) These works have the advantage of reflecting the public on topical social issues, but who can not resolve the complex issues raised by Coubert-of-subject relationship between contemporary style and renewal. To find a perfect match between the modernity of the subject and that of language painting in which it is resolved, you must wait Eduard Manet and the extraordinary fruits of his puzzling and difficult lesson. It elevates the ranks of this generation of realist painters, for its originality and modernity, Alfred Stevens, a follower of Coubert, which is joined with sincere poetic intensity. A magnificent canvas-painting-what they call ill-Wandering is one of the best works in painting with a social background of the second half of the century.


IN THE MASTERPIECE

Alfred Stevens
What I call the Wandering-
1855, Paris Musée d'Orsay
important format (130 x 166 cm) draws attention to the canvas and raises the content, burning issues, the status of painting storia.L 'work is a denunciation of the persecution suffered by the lower classes under the Second Empire.
The artist of this masterpiece, well knows how to put emphasis on the brutality of the police, leading to jail beggars. This painting deeply irritated Napoleon III, who, after seeing her, will command a greater discretion in the transfer of the tramps in jail.
Stevens, of Belgian origin, a follower of Millet and Coubert: collects the witness of their lesson and treasure it to portray an image every bit as baffling as those staged by the painter Ornans but highly effective.
The arrangement of the figures in the manner of a frieze gives this slow, stately and imposing aura unhappy procession.






Fernand Cormon Cain, 1880 Musée d'Orsay



will Corman especially to bring the headlines, this kind of language, research that will have its climax in a canvas rather than the original: Cain. Work that does not go unnoticed, with its seven-meter wide canvas, which gives rise to a clamor in the edition of the Salon which is exposed, because of the subject of unusual and stark realism with which it is treated. Cormon more than the biblical story of Cain, seems interested in the representation of a prehistoric immaginaria.Non is no coincidence that the painting dates from his years in which Darwin's theories are enjoying a growing popularity, they have been discovered rock paintings Altamira. The ascendant is also suggested by the Darwinian critics of the time, struggling to accept the ostentatious crudeness of the characters and the brutality of the image. The artist focuses on wild nature of the figures, inaugurating a tradition of "prehistoric scenes, as a result very lucky. Canvas also admired by Degas.




Homage to Delacroix-
Herri Fantin.Latour, 1864,
Paris, Musée d'Orsay


After the painter's death, which occurred in 1863 Of the many tributes offered to the great Romantic artist of the new generations of Fantin this is certainly the most convincing and best risolto.Accanto Baudelaire, with his hand in his pocket is the author of Manet canvas portrait was wearing a white shirt and Paletted in hand, prefer to be excluded from the group gathered around Manet, marking the bow away from the hosts of "intrasigenti" Fantin costriusce its composition as a traditional group portrait, which is the clear lesson of the seventeenth century Flemish. With the objective and dry tones of a photograph, but with attention to detail of a portrait consumed, he meets a group of artists and writers around the effigy painted on canvas by the great master who died recently.
By Eugene Giraud and Madame Bovary,
concludes the first post dedicated to Impressionism



Eugène Giraud, Gustave Flaubert,
1881 Versailles, Musée du Chateau



few stories told with equal effectiveness the contradictions and frustrations of French society in the middle of the century, as that of the restless life of Madame Bovary, the protagonist dell'omonino signed by Gustave Flaubert's novel, published in serial form on the "Revue de Paris' Madame Bovary is still the symbol of the defeat of the ideal romantic a failure that reflects on an entire generation, as Flaubert says the same. In addition to trace the coordinates of a company that hides behind the economic success of a major crisis ideali.Flaubert opens the door to future developments in literary realism, the naturalism of anticipating Zola.Nichilista, violentemete anti-bourgeois, obsessed by its own principles, Flaubert, has profoundly influenced generations of writers and thinkers, anticipating poetic then very common in the next century.


GHOSTS
Sweets ghosts,
a time fu:
son vecchie cose nascoste,
riposte,
nell'angolo del cuore più segreto...
segreto,
muto custode di tutto e di niente,
come un cassetto di cui
la chiave s'è persa....
per anni chiuso,
prigioniero dell'oblio...
poi un giorno:
un profumo,
un colore,
un suono improvviso,
una parola...
.... la chiave si ritrova...
e tornano i ricordi:
il passato riaffiora,
tutto scorre
dinanzi ai nostri occhi:
ed è come rileggere un diario,
come vedere un film...
e i fantasmi prendono forma,
si fanno vivi,
ci parlano....
e niente è perduto
e tutto è eterno.
Scritta da
Paola.